Muhammad ayub khan biography of martin garrix
Ayub Khan
President of Pakistan from to
For other people named Ayub Khan, see Ayub Khan (disambiguation).
Field Marshal Ayub Khan NPkHJHPkMBELoM | |
|---|---|
Field Marshal Ayub Khan c.&#; | |
| In office 27 October &#;– 25 March | |
| Preceded by | Iskandar Ali Mirza |
| Succeeded by | Yahya Khan |
| In office 28 October &#;– 21 October | |
| President | Himself |
| Deputy | Muhammad Khurshid S. Mohammad Ayub Khan[c] (– 19 April ) was a Pakistani military officer and statesman who served as the second president of Pakistan from 27 October until his resignation on 25 March He was the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army, serving from to Fida Hussain |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Ayub Khuhro |
| Succeeded by | Afzal Rahman Khan |
| In office 24 October &#;– 11 August | |
| Governors General | Malik Ghulam Muhammad Iskandar Ali Mirza |
| Prime Minister | Mohammad Ali Bogra |
| Deputy | Akhter Husain (Defence Secretary) |
| Preceded by | Mohammad Ali Bogra |
| Succeeded by | Chaudhry Muhammad Ali |
| In office 23 March &#;– 17 August | |
| President | Himself |
| Deputy | Interior Secretary |
| Preceded by | Khan Habibullah Khan |
| Succeeded by | Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan |
| In office 23 January [1]&#;– 27 October | |
| President | Iskander Ali Mirza |
| Governors General | |
| Prime Minister | |
| Chief of General Staff | |
| Preceded by | General Gracey |
| Succeeded by | General Musa Khan |
| In office 7 October &#;– 27 October | |
| President | Iskander Mirza |
| Preceded by | Feroz Khan Noon |
| Succeeded by | Nurul Amin () |
| Born | ()14 May Rehana, North-West Frontier Province, British India |
| Died | 19 April () (aged&#;66) Islamabad, Pakistan |
| Resting place | Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| Political party | Convention Muslim League (before ) |
| Other political affiliations | Pakistan Muslim League () |
| Height | 6&#;ft 2&#;in (&#;cm) |
| Children | 2, including Gohar Ayub Khan |
| Parent | |
| Relatives | Sardar Bahadur Khan (brother) Omar Ayub Khan (grandson) Arshad Ayub Khan (grandson) Yousuf Ayub Khan (grandson) |
| Branch/service | &#;British Indian Army () &#;Pakistan Army () |
| Years&#;of service | –[a] |
| Rank | Field Marshal[b] |
| Unit | 14th Punjab Regiment |
| Commands | Adjutant General, GHQ G.O.C, 14th Infantry Division, Dacca |
| Battles/wars | |
Mohammad Ayub Khan[c] (14 May &#;&#; 19 April ) was a Pakistani military officer and statesman who served as the second president of Pakistan from 27 October until his resignation on 25 March He was the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army, serving from to Khan rose to prominence after his Pakistani military coup which ousted President Iskandar Ali Mirza.
Khan's presidency ended in when he resigned amid the – Pakistan protests.
Born in the North-West Frontier Province, Khan was educated from the Aligarh Muslim University and trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.[3] He fought in the Second World War on the British side against the Imperial Japanese Army.
After the Partition of British India in August , he joined the Pakistan Army and was posted in East Bengal. In , he became the first native commander-in-chief, succeeding General Gracey. From to , he served in the civilian government as Defence and Dwelling Minister and supported President Iskandar Ali Mirza's decision to impose martial law against prime minister Feroze Khan's administration on 7 October Two weeks later, Ayub Khan seized presidency in a military coup, the first in the country's history.[3]
As president, Khan controversially appointed General Musa Khan to replace him as commander-in-chief, superseding decorated senior officers such as Generals Adam Khan, Sher Ali Khan Pataudi and M.A.
Latif Khan.[4][5] He alignedPakistan with the United States, and allowed American access to air bases inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar, from which spy missions over the Soviet Union were launched.
Relations with neighboring China were strengthened but his alignment with the US worsened relations with the Soviet Union in He launched Operation Gibraltar against India in , leading to an all-out war.
Martijn Gerard Garritsen (Dutch pronunciation: [mɑrˈtɛin ɣəˈrɑrt ˈxɑrɪtsə(n)]; [a] born 14 May ), acknowledged professionally as Martin Garrix (or Ytram and GRX), is a Dutch DJ and record producer who was ranked number one on DJ Mag ' s Top DJs list for three consecutive years—, , and
It resulted in a stalemate and peace was restored via the Tashkent Declaration. Domestically, Ayub subscribed to the laissez-faire policy of Western-aligned nations at the time. Khan privatised state-owned industries, and liberalised the economy generally.
Large inflows of foreign aid and investment led to the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. His tenure was also distinguished by the completion of hydroelectric stations, dams, and reservoirs. Under Ayub, Pakistan's space program was established, and the country launched its first uncrewed space-mission by However, the failure of ground reforms and a weak taxation system meant that most of this growth landed in the hands of the elite.
In , Khan entered the presidential race as the Convention Muslim League's candidate to counter the opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah. Ayub won the elections and was re-elected for a second designation. In , disapproval of price hikes of food prompted demonstrations across the country led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
Following protests in East Pakistan, Ayub resigned in March and appointed General Yahya Khan as his successor. Later, fighting a brief illness, he died in [6]
Khan remains the country's longest-serving president and second-longest serving head of express.
His legacy remains mixed; his era is often dubbed the "Decade of Development." Khan is credited with economic prosperity and industrialisation. He is denounced by critics for beginning the first of the intelligence agencies' incursions into national politics, for concentrating wealth in a corrupt several hands, and for geographically discriminatory policies that later led to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Early life and education
Ayub Khan was born on 14 May in Rehana, a village in the Abbottabad District of the North-West Frontier Province of British India into a Hindko-speaking Hazarewal family of Pashtun descent, belonging to the Tareen tribe.[3][7][8][9][10][11]
He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan, a Risaldar-Major (an armoured corps JCO which was then acknowledged as VCO) in the 9th Hodson's Horse which was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army.[12] For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village.
He used to go to school on a mule's back and was shifted to a school in Haripur, where he started living with his grandmother.[11]
He went on to study at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)[3] and while seeking his college education, he was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst on the recommendation of General Andrew Skeen; he trained first in India and then departed for Great Britain.[13] Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, Pashto, English, and his regional Hindko dialect.[14]
Military service
British India
Ayub Khan was admitted to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in [3][15] He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 2 February in the 19th Punjabis of the 14th Punjab Regiment (better known as 1/14th Punjab Regiment) of the British Indian Army – before this he was attached to the Royal Fusiliers.[15][16] Amongst those who passed out with him was Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri, who served as Chief of the Army Staff of India from to while Ayub was the president of Pakistan.[17] After the standard probationary period of service in the British Army, he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April , joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment Sherdils, now known as the 5th Punjab Regiment.[18]
He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May and to captain on 2 February [19][20] During World War II, he was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel in and was posted in Burma to participate in the first phase of the Burma Campaign in – He was promoted to the permanent rank of major on 2 February [21] Later that year, he was promoted to temporary colonel and assumed the command of his own regiment in which he was commissioned to direct operations in the second phase of the Burma Campaign; however, he was soon temporarily suspended without pay from that command for visible cowardice under fire.[22]
In , he was posted back to British India and was stationed in the [North-West Frontier Province]].
In , he was promoted to brigadier and commanded a brigade in South Waziristan.
Early career in Pakistan
When the Together Kingdom announced the Partition of British India into India and Pakistan, he was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who opted for Pakistan in [15] At the time of his joining, he was the tenth ranking officer in terms of seniority with service number PA
In the early part of , he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division in the rank of acting major-general stationed in Dacca, East Pakistan.
In , he was decorated with the Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan for non-combatant service and called back to General Headquarters as the Adjutant General of the army on November of the same year.
Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army
As the tenure of General Gracey was nearing its end at the close of , the Pakistan government had called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of the army, air force, and navy and dismissed deputation appointments from the British military.
[25][26] The General Headquarters sent the nomination papers to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for the appointment of commander-in-chief. There were four major generals in the race: Akbar Khan, Iftikhar Khan, Ishfakul Majid, and Nawabzada Agha Mohammad Raza.
Among these officers Akbar was the senior, having been commissioned in [27][28][29][30][31]
That year, General Gracey approached Akbar Khan to succeed him.
However, Akbar declined, citing that the position was beyond his competence. The next candidate in line was Akbar's younger brother, General Iftikhar Khan.
Post a Comment. Saturday, October 3, Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a Pakistani military officer.However, Iftikhar died in an air crash in December before he could take office, resulting in Gracey's extension. On 23 January , General Ayub Khan succeeded him.[1][32]
Defence Secretary Iskandar Mirza at that time played a crucial role in lobbying for the army post selection, by presenting convincing arguments to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to promote the most junior major-general, Ayub Khan (commissioned in ), to the post despite the fact that his label was not included in the nomination list.
Ayub's papers of promotion were approved and he was appointed the first native commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army on 17 January by Prime Minister Ali Khan. This ended the transitional role of British military officers.
Although the Pakistani government announced the appointment of the navy's native commander in chief in , it was Ayub Khan who helped Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri to be appointed as the first native navy commander in chief, also in [25][35] The events surrounding Ayub's appointment set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion and the most loyal to civil government at that time.[36]
In , Ayub visited Turkey, his first foreign visit as an army commander in chief, and was said to have been impressed with Turkish military tradition; he met only with the Turkish defence minister during his visit.
Thereafter, he went to the Merged States and visited the US State Department and Pentagon to lobby for forging military relations.[37] He termed this visit as a "medical visit" but made a strong plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition.[38]
Cabinet and Defence Minister
Further information: Ministry of Talents, One Unit, and Interservice rivalry
On 24 February , Ayub signed the Central Treaty Nonprofit (CENTO) pact for Pakistan and his role in national politics, along with that of Defense Minister Mirza, began to grow[39]
In , Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra's relations with the military and Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad deteriorated on issues of the economy.[40] Pressure built up to reconstruct the cabinet which eventually witnessed General Ayub Khan becoming the defence minister and Iskander Mirza as home minister in October [41][42] Ayub Khan disdained civilian politicians, whose factional infighting had for years prevented adoption of a constitution.
He wrote that he reluctantly joined the cabinet as defence minister with "two clear objectives: to save the armed forces from the interference of the politicians, and to unify the provinces of West Pakistan into one unit."[43]
The controversial One Unit Scheme integrated the four western provinces into one political entity, West Pakistan, as a counterbalance against the numerically superior population of East Bengal, which was renamed East Pakistan.
The province of Punjab supported the project, but all the other provinces protested against it and its centralisation of control. Opposition was particularly strong in East Bengal, where it was seen as an attack on the democratic principle of political egalitarianism.[44]
In , Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali as the Defence Minister.
After the provincial elections in East Pakistan, the Awami League formed the government there while West Pakistan was governed by the PML, but the PML government collapsed in [46] He was called on to join the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister H.S.
Suhrawardy and maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the firstPresident of the country after the successful promulgation of the Constitution in In , President Mirza promoted him from acting entire general to the substantive rank of full general.[47][48]
Around this occasion, the MoD, led by General Ayub Khan, began to view the serious interservice rivalry between the General Headquarters staff and the Naval Headquarters staff.[49]Commander in Chief of Navy Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri and his NHQ staff had been fighting with the Finance ministry and the MoD over the issues of rearmament and contingency plans.[50]
He reportedly complained about Admiral HMS Choudri to President Mirza and criticized Admiral Choudri for "neither having the brain, imagination, or depth of thought to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make any contribution."[51] The impasse was broken with Admiral Choudri resigning from the navy in protest as a result of having differences with the navy's plans of expansion and modernization.[52][53]
military coup
Main article: Pakistani military coup
Suhrawardy and Feroz began campaigning to grow prime minister and president in the upcoming general elections.
Meanwhile, the conservative Pakistan Muslim League, led by its President Abdul Qayyum Khan, was threatening to engage in civil disobedience.[54] These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage.[30]
On 7 October , President Iskandar Ali Mirza abrogated the Constitution of Pakistan of after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroz announcing a coup d'état and appointed General Ayub Khan as Head Martial Law Administrator.
On 13 October, General Ayub Khan assigned Lt. General Wajid Ali Khan Burki the task of enhancing the efficiency of hospitals and health agencies. Within days, Karachi hospitals showed significant improvement, and the medical services took on a new outlook.[55][56]
Two weeks later, on 27 October , Ayub Khan carried out his control coup d'état against Mirza.[3] Most of the country's politicians only became aware of the coup the next morning;[57] only U.S.
Ambassador to Pakistan James M. Langley was kept fully informed of political developments in the country.[54][58]
Ayub justified his part by declaring that: "History would never have forgiven us if the present chaotic conditions were allowed to go on any further," and that his goal was to restore a democracy that the "people can understand and work", not to rule indefinitely.[59] When the public was informed, public reactions were mixed.
The immediate crackdown on smuggling, corruption, and trafficking won Ayub plenty of support from the commoners. The middle-class and the upper-middle class were more apprehensive.
President Mirza himself was apprehensive, though for a different reason.
Muhammad Ayub Khan was a five-star general officer and statesman, serving as the second President of Pakistan and its first military dictator from until his forced resignation in A self-appointed field marshal, the only such five-star rank in Pakistan's military history, he was appointed the first chief martial law administrator by President Iskander Mirza ina share he retained until the promulgation of a new constitution in He opted for the recent state of Pakistan while stationed in East Pakistan in at the time of Partition. He was appointed the country's first native commander-in-chief in by then-Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, in a controversial promotion over several senior officers.He had been contemplating replacing Ayub Khan, and it seems that Ayub knew. Immediately after the Supreme Court's Chief Justice Munir justified the coup under the doctrine of necessity, Ayub sent the military into the presidential palace and exiled Mirza to England.[60] This was largely done with the support of: Admiral A.
R. Khan, General Azam Khan, Nawab of Kalabagh Amir Khan, General Dr. Wajid Khan, General K. M. Sheikh, and General Sher Bahadur. Air Vice Marshal Asghar Khan was asked by General Ayub Khan to join the Generals to demand Mirza's resignation, but Asghar Khan declined the request, stating that he "found the whole exercise distasteful."[61]
The regime came to power with the intent of instituting widespread reform and 'to bring the territory back to sanity'.[3] Like Mirza, Ayub advocated for greater centralization of power, and his judgment style was more American than British.
He "vowed to provide people access to speedier justice, curb the crippling birth rate, and take appropriate steps, including land reforms and technological innovation, to develop agriculture so that the country could feed itself."[59]
Ayub finally "restored civil administration", although he maintained the Presidency and relied on an intricate web of spy agencies to maintain supremacy over the bureaucracy, including calling upon civilian intelligence agencies.
In , a referendum,[3] that functioned as the Electoral College, was held that asked the general public:"Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?" The voter turnout was recorded at % and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a presidential system.[62] Ayub Khan was elected president for the next five years and decided to pay his first state call on to the United States with his wife and also daughter Begum Naseem Aurangzeb in July [62] Highlights of his call on included a state dinner at Mount Vernon, a visit to the Islamic Center of Washington, and a ticker tape procession in New York City.[63]
Constitutional and legal reforms
Further information: Constitution of Pakistan of
A constitutional commission was set-up under the Supreme Court to implement the function on the constitution that was led by Chief JusticeMuhammad Shahabuddin and Supreme Court justices.
The commission reported in with its recommendations but President Ayub remained unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution so that it was entirely different from the one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of using religions in politics.
His presidency restored the writ of government through the promulgated constitution and restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since [64][65]
The modern constitution respected Islam, but did not declare Islam as the state religion and was viewed as a liberal constitution.[65] It also provided for election of the president by 80, (later raised to ,) Basic Democrats who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control.
In this brief paper, I study the speech of Generals in Pakistan to bring to beam the different ways in which the idea of a people is evoked to suggest the possibility of multiple selves of Generals that, in turn, mirror their relation to the multiple selves through which the vow of Pakistan is to be realized. This was not only a tricky legal maneuver entailing tortuous moves to make oneself legitimate within a system of law which one has abrogated and whose reinstatement immediately renders one illegitimate. It also entailed a certain staking of oneself against other versions of oneself, previous selves, the self in relation to a people under construction, the self as viewed by posterity, and so on and so forth. Entire series of selves spring up through their words.He justified this as analogous to the American Electoral College and cited Thomas Jefferson as his inspiration.[66] The Ayub administration "guided" the output newspapers through his takeover of key opposition papers and, while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers.[67]
In , he promulgated the "Muslim Family Law Ordinance."[68] Through this ordinance, unmitigated polygamy was abolished.
Consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were placed on the train of instant divorce under Islamic tradition, where men could divorce women by saying: "I divorce you" three times.
The Arbitration Councils were set up under the law in the urban and rural areas to deal with cases of: (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children.[69]
Economy, infrastructure, and public service
Industrialization and rural training through constructing modern national freeways are considered his greatest achievements and his era is remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country.
Strong emphasis on capitalism and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the industry is often regarded as the "Great Decade" in the history of the country (both economical and political history).[64]
The "Decade of Development" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies and industries, and is credited with creating an environment where the intimate sector was encouraged to build medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan.[64] This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising.[70] He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as hydroelectric dams, power stations, and barrages all over the country.[71] During –66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at %.[72]
Several hydroelectric projects were completed, including the Mangla Dam (one of the world's largest dams), several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan, and one dam in East Pakistan, the Kaptai Dam.
President Ayub authorized planning of nuclear power plants.[73] Dr. Abdus Salam, supported by the President, personally approved the project in Karachi while the project in East Pakistan never materialized.[74]
Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific maturation efforts' were also supposedly made during his years.
These policies could not be sustained after , when the economy collapsed and led to economic declines which he was unable to control.[75]
Ayub introduced new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools. Many public-sector universities and schools were built during his era.[76] He also introduced agricultural reforms preventing anyone from occupying more than acres of irrigated and acres of unirrigated land.
His administration, redistributed approximately 23 percent of the country's farmland to onetime tenant farmers.[77] In Karachi, around , refugees displaced by the partition of India were moved from slums to recent housing colonies.[77] His administration also eliminated the need for bribes, known as "tea money" in Pakistan, to access government officials, contributing to a reduction in corruption within Pakistan's government relative to other Asian nations during his tenure.[77]
An oil refinery was established in Karachi.
These reforms led to 15% GNP expansion of the country that was three times greater than that of India. Despite the raise in the GNP growth, the profit and revenue was gained by the famous 22 families of the time that regulated 66% of the industries and land of the country and 80% of the banking and insurance companies of Pakistan.[78]
Defence spending
During the Ayub era, the navy was able to introduce submarines and slowly modified itself by acquiring warships.[25] However, Ayub drastically reduced funding of the military in the s and de-prioritized nuclear weapons in the s.[73][79] The military relied on donations from the United States for major weapons procurements.[80] Major funding was made available for military acquisitions and procurement towards conventional weaponry for conventional defence.
In the s, the Pakistani military acquired American&#x;produced conventional weapons such as Jeep CJs, M48 Patton and M24 Chaffee tanks, M16 rifles, F fighter airplanes, and the submarine PNS Ghazi; all through the US Foreign Military Sales program.[80] In , President Ayub started the nation's full&#x;fledged space program in cooperation with the air force, and created the Suparco civilian space agency that launched sounding rockets throughout the s.[81]
Ayub prioritized nuclear might generation over the use of nuclear technology for military purposes.
He reportedly spent ₨. million on the civilian Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and related learning of engineers and scientists.[82]
Ayub Khan filled more and more civil administrative positions with army officers, increasing the military's influence over the bureaucracy.
He expanded the size of the army by more than half from the early s to , and maintained a high level of military spending as a percentage of GDP during that period, peaking in the immediate aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of [83]
Foreign policy
U.S.
alliance and U-2 incident
The main feature of Ayub Khan's foreign policy was prioritized relations with the United States and Europe. Foreign relations with the Soviet Union were downplayed. He enjoyed support from President Dwight Eisenhower in the s and, working with Prime Minister Ali Khan, forged a military alliance with the United States against regional communism.
His obsession towards modernization of the armed forces in the shortest period possible saw relations with the United States as the only way to achieve his organizational and personal objectives as he argued against civilian supremacy that would affect American interests in the region as a outcome of an election.
Biography of Ayub Khan: Mohammad Ayub Khan (born May 14, , Rehana, North-West Frontier Province, India [now Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan]—died April 19, , near Islamabad, Pakistan) was the president of Pakistan from to , whose governance marked a critical period in the modern development of his nation.The Central Intelligence Agency leased Peshawar Air Station in the s and spying into the Soviet Union from the air station grew immensely, with Ayub's full knowledge, during his presidency. When these activities were exposed in after a U-2 flying out of the gas station was shot down and its pilot captured by the USSR,[84] President Ayub was in the United Kingdom on a state visit.
When the local CIA station chief briefed President Ayub on the incident, Ayub shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at some point.[85]
Soviet Secretary General Nikita Khrushchev threatened to bomb Peshawar if the United States continued to run aircraft from there against the Soviet Union.
Ayub Khan apologised for the incident when he visited the Soviet Union five years later.[86]
President Ayub directed his Foreign Office to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits by Soviet Premier Kosygin and Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko and agreeing to downplay relations with the Combined States.[86]
In , Ayub signed the historic Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement with China despite US opposition.[87]
During –65, Ayub lost much of his support from President John Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson as they sought closer relations with India.
President Johnson placed an embargo on both nations during the war in Relations with the Soviet Union were eventually normalized when the Soviets facilitated a peace treaty between Pakistan and India in , and reached a trade treaty with Pakistan the following year.[64][89] In –67, Ayub wrestled with the United States' attempt to dictate Pakistan's foreign policy, while he strengthened relations with the Soviet Union and China.[90] Despite initiatives to normalize relations with the Soviet Union, Ayub Khan remained inclined towards the United States and the western world, receiving President Johnson in Karachi in [91]
In –62, Ayub paid a state visit to the Merged Kingdom.
He attracted much attention from the British public when his involvement in the Christine Keeler affair was revealed.[92][93]
India: mutual defence and war
Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of
See also: Operation Gibraltar
In , Ayub Khan's interest in building defence forces had already diminished when he made an offer of joint defense with India during the Sino-Indo clashes in October in Ladakh, in a move seen as a result of American pressure and a lack of sympathetic of foreign affairs[94] Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister Nehru reportedly countered, "Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?"[90]:&#;84–86&#; India remained uninterested in such proposals and Prime Minister Nehru decided to push his country's role in the Non-Aligned Movement.[95] In , President Ayub, together with Prime Minister Nehru, signed the Indus Waters Treaty brokered by the World Bank.[96] In , after India was crushed by China, Ayub Khan disguised a few thousand soldiers as guerillas and sent them to Indian Kashmir to incite the people to rebel.[97] In , the Pakistan Army engaged with the Indian Army in several skirmishes, and clandestine operations began.
He handed over power to Commander in Chief General Yahya Khanwhom he had promoted over the head of other senior officers. He became Pakistan's first native Commander in Chief inand was the youngest full-rank general and self-appointed Field Marshal in Pakistan's military history. He was also the first Pakistani military general to seize power through a coup. He dismissed the elected assembly, accusing it of being power hunger and corrupt.The war with India in was a turning point in his presidency, and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub Khan at Tashkent, called the Tashkent Declaration, which was facilitated by the Soviet Union. The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to resign his post and take up opposition to Ayub Khan.
According to Morrice James, "For them (Pakistanis) Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably lost face before the Indians."[98]
According to Sartaj Aziz, deputy chairman of the Planning Commission, it was Foreign Minister Bhutto who had inadvertently set Pakistan on the road to war with India.
During a cabinet meeting, Bhutto had gone on a populist anti-Indian and anti-American binge and succeeded in spellbinding President Ayub into thinking he was becoming a world statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States.
When Ayub authorized Operation Gibraltar, the fomenting of a Kashmiri insurgency against India, Aziz famously told the President: "Sir, I expectation you realize that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line." Aziz opposed Operation Gibraltar, fearing the economical turmoil that would jolt the country's economy, but was in turn opposed by his retain senior bureaucrats.
In that conference, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the president and the finance minister Muhammad Shoaib that India would not attack Pakistan due to Kashmir being a disputed land, and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan's incursion into Indian-occupied Kashmir, at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory." This theory proved false, when India launched a full-scale war against West Pakistan in [99]
Chief of the Army Staff General Musa Khan held off launching Operation Grand Slam, waiting for President Ayub Khan's depart ahead.
The operation didn't receive underway until after the Indian Army had captured Haji Pir pass in Kashmir.[] He faced serious altercations with, and general criticism from, air chiefAir Marshal Asghar Khan for hiding the details of the war.
The Air Headquarters began fighting the president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended with Asghar Khan's resignation.[]
About the war's contingency plans, Air Marshal Nur Khan briefly wrote that "Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not shared the plans with other forces."[]
Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move and the Johnson administration placed an economic embargo that caused Pakistan to lose US$ million in aid and grants that had been received through consortium.[99] Ayub Khan could not politically continue in the aftermath of the war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering presidential power to Army Commander General Yahya in [3]
Afghanistan: Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan
In the s, partly due to the complicated bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the Durand Line quarrel, Ayub Khan along with the Royal family of Afghanistan under King Zahir Shah proposed the Afghanistan-Pakistan Confederation Plan to merge Afghanistan with Pakistan under a single confederation.[] This merger was proposed on the basis of mutual distrust and fears of security threats by the Indian government and the Soviets, which wasn't able to amount to fruition due to the eventual Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the formation of a novel communist Afghan regime.[]
Main article: Pakistani presidential election
In , President Ayub Khan was confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately led him to announce presidential elections in He earned the nomination of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and was shocked when Fatima Jinnah was nominated by the Combined Opposition Parties.[64][]
Ayub Khan's son, Gohar Ayub Khan, launched attacks on Fatima Jinnah supporters.[] During this time, Ayub Khan used the Pakistani intelligence community for his own advantage.
Military Intelligence actively monitored politicians and political gatherings and the Intelligence Bureau taped politicians' telephone conversations.[] This was the first departure of the intelligence community from national defence and security to guide interference with national politics, an interference which continued in succeeding years.[]
It was reported that the elections were widely rigged by the state authorities and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won.
The Electoral College consisted of only 80, Basic Democrats. They were easily manipulated by President Ayub Khan, who won the bitterly contested elections with 64% of the Electoral College vote.[] According to journalists of the period, the election did not conform to international standards; many viewed the election results with superb suspicion.[]
protests and resignation
Main article: East Pakistan uprising
The controversial victory over Fatima Jinnah in the presidential election and the outcome of the war with India in the same year brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency.
Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto believed the Tashkent Declaration was a "political surrender" which turned a military victory into defeat. Bhutto began criticizing Ayub Khan openly and resigned in June In Karachi, public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the elections and his policies were widely disapproved.[]
In , Bhutto formed the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and embarked on a nationwide tour where he attacked the Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policies.
Bhutto was arrested for these activities.[] His detention further inflamed the rivalry, and demonstrations were sparked all over the country. The East Pakistani Awami League charged the Ayub administration with discriminatory policies towards the East.
Labour unions called for strikes against Ayub Khan's administration, and dissatisfaction was widespread in the country's middle class by the end of When Ayub Khan was confronted with the Six point movement led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and with the criticism by Bhutto's PPP, he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made matters worse for Ayub's administration.[]
In , he survived an assassination attempt while visiting Dacca and was visibly shaken afterwards, according to close aides; though this was not reported in the press of the day.[]
In , Ayub Khan opened negotiations with the opposition parties in what was termed as a "Round Table Conference" where he held talks with all major opposition parties.
However, these discussions yielded no results and powerful anti-Ayub demonstrations calling for his resignation were sparked all over the country.[] During this second, Ayub Khan survived a near-fatal cardiac arrest that put him out of the office, and later survived a paralysis ambush that put him in a wheelchair.[] The police were unable to maintain Law and request in Pakistan, especially in East Pakistan where riots and a serious uprising were quelled.
At one point, Home and Defence Minister Vice-Admiral Rahman told journalists that the "country was under the mob rule and that police were not strong enough to tackle the situation."[]
The PPP also led very strong protests, street demonstrations, and riots against the Ayub Khan's administration when the prices of food consumer products such as sugar, tea, and wheat, hiked up.
Disapproval of Ayub Khan was widely expressed by chanted slogans and insults referring to him.[] On the streets of major cities of West Pakistan, massive wall chalkings that employed derogatory and pejorative terms for Ayub made headlines in the print and broadcast media.[]
Elements in the military began supporting the opposition political parties; it was this that finally brought about the demise of Ayub Khan's era.
On 25 March , President Ayub Khan, after consulting Advocate Raja Muhammad Qalib Ali Khan (the last person to meet the president before resignation) resigned from office and invited commander-in-chief of the army General Yahya Khan to take over control of the country.[][]
Asghar Khan and Khyber Khan were considered among the likely successors to President Ayub Khan during the collapse of his regime.
Khyber was described as "a young, energetic, and popular air force officer in his early forties - who happens to look very much like a younger Ayub Khan."[]
Death and legacy
Last years
Ayub Khan did not comment on the Bangladesh Liberation War in He died of a heart attack on 19 April at his villa near Islamabad at age [3][][]